Hepatitis C is a bloodborne virus that can lead to serious liver damage if left untreated. Understanding how it spreads is critical for prevention, especially given changes in transmission risks over time.
From Blood Transfusions to Needle Sharing: How Transmission Has Evolved
Before 1992, the primary route of hepatitis C infection was through contaminated blood transfusions and organ transplants. However, advances in blood screening techniques drastically reduced this risk. Today, the most common method of transmission is through sharing needles or other equipment used for injecting drugs. This remains the largest driver of new infections.
Less frequent, but still significant, exposure pathways include:
- Unprotected sex : While less efficient than direct blood contact, transmission is possible through sexual activity.
- Healthcare settings : Accidental needlestick injuries or the use of unsterile medical equipment can transmit the virus.
- Tattoo and piercing parlors : Using unsterilized instruments poses a clear risk.
- Sharing personal items : Razors, toothbrushes, or any object contaminated with infected blood can spread the virus.
- Mother to child : Hepatitis C can be passed from a pregnant person to their baby.
The virus can survive for weeks outside the body, making proper blood cleanup essential: use a 1:10 bleach-water solution and wear gloves, even when cleaning dried blood.
The Link Between HIV and Hepatitis C
Individuals living with HIV are at significantly higher risk of contracting hepatitis C. Approximately 21% of people with HIV also have hepatitis C, highlighting the importance of integrated screening and prevention efforts. The presence of HIV accelerates liver damage in those with coinfections.
How Hepatitis C Does Not Spread
Hepatitis C is not transmitted through casual contact. You cannot catch it by:
- Eating food or drinking water prepared by an infected person.
- Hugging, shaking hands, or kissing (saliva does not carry the virus).
- Being coughed or sneezed on.
- Sharing food, drinks, or utensils.
Why This Matters: Testing and Treatment
Hepatitis C often has no symptoms for years, but untreated infections can lead to cirrhosis, liver cancer, and even death. If you have risk factors – such as a history of intravenous drug use, blood transfusions before 1992, or unprotected sex – getting tested is crucial. Early diagnosis and treatment with antiviral medications can often cure the infection.
Untreated hepatitis C is a global health concern, yet it remains largely preventable through safe practices and widespread testing.
