A subconjunctival hemorrhage – a burst blood vessel under the clear surface of the eye – can look alarming, but it’s usually harmless. The vivid red patch, often resembling a bruise, typically resolves on its own within days or weeks. While many cases have no obvious cause, understanding the potential triggers and when to consult a doctor is crucial.
What Causes Blood Spots in the Eye?
Most subconjunctival hemorrhages are triggered by minor injuries, straining (like during heavy lifting or constipation), or even vigorous coughing. The delicate blood vessels nourishing the conjunctiva (the transparent tissue covering the eye) can rupture due to pressure.
However, certain underlying health conditions can make these blood spots more frequent. People over 50 are at higher risk, especially those with diabetes, high blood pressure, or high cholesterol. Blood-thinning medications also increase the likelihood of spontaneous bleeding.
Other potential causes include:
- Physical trauma: Sports injuries or direct impact to the eye.
- Valsalva maneuver: Holding your breath and straining (e.g., during childbirth).
- Contact lens use: Improper insertion or removal.
- Eye surgery: Trauma from procedures like cataract surgery.
Why Does This Happen? A Matter of Pressure and Vessels
The conjunctiva is filled with tiny blood vessels. When pressure increases within the body (from straining, coughing, or injury), these fragile vessels can break, leaking blood into the space between the conjunctiva and the white of the eye.
The blood appears bright red at first, then gradually fades through purple, green, and yellow as it’s reabsorbed. This process is similar to how a bruise heals on the skin.
When Should You See a Doctor?
While most subconjunctival hemorrhages are self-limiting, certain signs warrant immediate medical attention:
- Pain: If the blood spot is accompanied by eye pain, seek care.
- Vision changes: Blurred vision or any vision impairment is concerning.
- Recurrence: Repeated blood spots may indicate an underlying health issue.
- Recent trauma: If the hemorrhage followed a direct blow to the eye, get it checked.
A doctor can rule out other conditions and determine if further investigation (blood pressure check, clotting tests) is needed.
Treatment and Prevention
There’s no specific treatment for subconjunctival hemorrhages. They resolve on their own. Cold compresses and artificial tears can provide temporary relief, but aren’t essential.
Preventing recurrence involves managing underlying health conditions (diabetes, hypertension) and avoiding excessive straining. Wearing appropriate eye protection during sports can also reduce the risk of injury.
In conclusion, a subconjunctival hemorrhage is often a benign, self-resolving condition. However, being aware of the potential causes and knowing when to seek medical attention is vital for ensuring long-term eye health.
